Solubility in chemistry.

Solubility?  

Yep, isnt it related with solution?  

Ok lets take a look. 

SOLUBILITY IN CHEMISTRY

Solubility is a  property of chemical substance termed as solute to dissolve in a solvent at equilibrium.  

 The solubility of a substance normally  depends on the physical & chemical properties of the solute and solvent also on temperature, pressure and presence of other substance (common ion effect) in the solution. 

The solubility of a substance in a exact solvent is defined  as  a saturated solution where adding more solute does not increase the concentration of the solution and begins to precipitate the excess solute added.

Solubility is not to be confused with the ability to dissolve a substance, because the solution might also occur because of a chemical reaction. For example, cupper dissolves   in hydrochloric acid as a result of a chemical reaction releasing hydrogen gas in a substitution  reaction. The cupper  ions are soluble in the hydrochloric acid.

The solubility of a substance is an completely  different property from the rate of solution, which is how fast it dissolves.

Solubility & solubility product.

solubility in chemistry is  the amount of solute concentration that can be dissolved by a solvent in equilibrium at specific temperature and pressure. 

While discussing about the solubility of an ionic substance solubility product is  required. When solubility of any substance is measured then it is considered in equilibrium, ie the equilibrium between solute and solvent. 

But in ionic compounds, compounds are ionised in the solution. So the solubility of that ionic compound is the product of the solubility of constitutional ions. 

There is a constant in solubility product called solubility product constant Ksp which determines the solubility of that compound. Higher the value of Ksp means the higher solubility and lower value indicates the lower solubility.   

Scope of solubility.  

It applies to all areas of chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic, physical,geochemistry , biochemistry.   

While discovering a drug there is  two type of solubility is measured that are  kinetic and thermodynamic solubility. 

In color industry and a compound to being a good color, solubility is a great factor. In which solvent it is dissolving  and in which it is not. 

In food factory to clothing to metal industry it has a lot of usage.  Solubility of any substance determines a lot of things, that must be known for its proper usage.    

This is also a  great  factor in acidity and basicity  and much environmental work.

 

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

Temperature  

The solubility of a given solute in a given solvent normally depends on temperature. A lot of solids dissolved in liquid water.

 solubility increases with increasing of temperature. When water are molecules heated up, they vibrate more violently  and are more capable to interact with and break up of bond in solute.

Solubility  of various substances  increase with temperature for most substances for example, more salt/ sugar  will dissolve in hot water than in cold water.

The solubility of gases displays the opposite  with temperature. that is , as temperature increases, gas solubility decrease.as the motion of gas molecules increases with the increase of temperature and the inter molecular distance increases while increasing temperature. 

Pressure

It is considered as pressure has  almost no effect on the solubility of solid and liquid substances.  

But it has a strong effect on solutions with gaseous solutes.  In carbonated beverages solid carbon dioxide is added to make carbonate but the solution is in under heavy pressure as a result there is  the formation of solution of gas and water.

Polarity

A popular saying used for predicting solubility is “Like dissolves like.” This statement indicates that a solute will dissolve best in a solvent that has a similar chemical structure, the ability for a solvent to dissolve various compounds depends normally  on its polarity. For example, a polar solute such as sugar is very soluble in polar solvent like water.

less soluble in slightly  polar alcohol, and practically insoluble in non-polar solvents such as Kerosene .On the other hand, a non-polar solute such as anthracene  is insoluble in water, moderately soluble in alcohol, and highly soluble in benzene( non polar).

Common ion effect 

Common ion effect is an effect which decreases the solubility of any substance in a particular solvent.  Common ions are same ions from different compound. Such as ethanoic acid and sodium ethanoate. 

Both compound containing the same carboxilate ion as a result of common ion the solubility of ethanoic acid decrease where there is the presence of sodium ethanoate.    

 unit of solubility 

It is also an important question about solubility,  so what is solubility?  Solubility is just the amount of solute  that is dissolved in a specific solvent. So the unit of concentration of the solute is the unit of solubility. 

➡All about sodium carbonate production.